Showing posts with label system. Show all posts
Showing posts with label system. Show all posts

Wednesday, March 18, 2015

BRIEF REVIEW AND DIFFERENCE BETWEEN OPEN AND CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM




Open and Closed Circulatory System:



We all know that in all life forms the gases and nutrients are transported to all parts of the body. There is an efficient transport system which carries all the activities of transportation in living beings. In unicellular organisms and small multicellular organisms, diffusion is the key process for transportation. Diffusion is a slow process. As distances are increased, diffusion no longer facilitates the transportation process as many of the cells are not exposed directly to the atmosphere. We need an elaborate and sophisticated transport system. Circulatory system is one of the most sophisticated transport systems in body. In circulatory system, a fluid circulates in body. Haemolymph and blood are the fluids which circulate in invertebrates and vertebrates’ body respectively.


Characteristics of Circulatory System:

A circulatory system is the flow of materials from one part of the body to another part of the body. Following are the characteristics of circulatory system:
A fluid to circulate – blood or haemolymph
A pumping mechanism
Blood vessels in which blood or haemolymph flows

Circulatory system is categorized into two types:
  • Open circulatory system
  • Closed circulatory system 


Open Circulatory System:

Open circulatory system is considered as primitive circulatory system because it is not capable of upholding blood pressure.  In open circulatory system, Haemolymph or blood doesn’t remain enclosed in the tubes or vessels and comes in direct contact with the body cells or tissues. The pumping machine, the heart pumps the haemolymph into the tubes and then the tubes vacant themselves into sinuses. These sinuses are open spaces and haemolymph directly comes in contact with tissues and transport nutrients. After bathing the cells and tissues, haemolymph again goes through the heart for the next circulation. During the bathing of cells, exchange of nutrients takes place*.

*= this system only transports nutrients. Gases are not transported by this system. Gases are transported by the tracheal system.


Closed Circulatory System:

Closed circulatory system is a sophisticated and elaborate system as compared to open circulatory system. In closed circulatory system, blood is restricted in the blood vessels during circulation. There is a unified system of arteries, veins and capillaries. Unlike open circulatory system, closed circulatory system is capable of transporting gases.

Arteries are the specialized tubes which take the blood away from away from the heart and veins are the dedicated vessels which bring back the blood from all parts of the body to heart. The pumping organ i.e. heart pumps the blood. Arteries take the blood from heart and carry it to tissues. For exchange of materials between blood and tissues, arteries divide and subdivide into very tiny and fine branches called capillaries. These one celled thick capillaries exchange nutrients between blood and tissues. The capillaries join and form bigger blood vessels called venules. These venules then form veins, which in the end bring back blood to heart.


The comparison between closed and open circulatory system is shown in following table:




Open Circulatory System Closed Circulatory System
1. Blood isn’t restricted to blood vessels. Blood is in direct contact with body tissues.
1. Blood is always restricted in blood vessels i.e. arteries, capillaries and veins.

2. There are no characteristic blood vessels. Haemolymph flows in sinuses of hoemocoel. 
2. There is a sophisticated and unified system of arteries, capillaries and veins.

3. When blood is in direct contact with tissues, only then exchange of materials takes place.
3. Through capillaries, nutrients and waste materials are exchanged between tissues and blood by means of tissue fluid. 

4. System doesn’t support transport of gases.
4. Not only nutrients are transported, gases are also transported.

5. This system cant maintain blood pressure. There is no respiratory pigment dissolved in blood. It is white. 
5. This system can maintain Blood Pressure. Haemoglobin, a respiratory pigment is present in blood.

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Tuesday, March 17, 2015

Baby Digestive System Diagram

Baby Digestive System Diagram

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Sunday, March 15, 2015

Female Genital System



Internal genital organs

Ovaries

The primary reproductive organs of a female,
like testes in male.

In childhood,the ovaries are small and the surfaces are smooth

After puberty the ovary becomes progressively scarred due to ovulation

In old women,the surfaces of the ovaries are more scarred and pitted,showing that many oocytes have been released,and the ovaries become atrophy gradually as menstruation has ceased.


This is the first photo of the progress of ovulating in human which is taken by a doctor of Brussels.
The time of the process is 15min



it’s composed of 2 layers of peritoneum
between the lateral margin of the uterus and lateral wall of pelvis.

Between the 2 layers of peritoneum, there are uterine tube, ovary,proper ligament. of ovary, round ligament. of uterus, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nervous plexus and connective tissue.





Uterus

a single, hollow, thick walled and pear-shaped muscular organ
retain, and nourish a fertilized ovum, to develop well until its birth
The uterus varies in shape,size, location,according to the age or
other circumstance,for example ,pregnancy and so on.





extends between the urinary bladder and the rectum in the pelvic cavity

Anteversion:

an angle( 90°) between the long axis of the uterus & vagina

Anteflexion:
an obtuse angle(170°) between the long axis of body & cervix of uterus










Mammary glands in female

Features

Nipple is located on the fourth intercostal space
Arounded by areola

In female,the mammary glands begin to develop and grow rapidly at puberty

During pregnancy and lactation they are developing and secreting the milk to nourish the newborn baby.





Structure

15~20 gland lobes radiating around and open at the nipple.
The lobes are padded and separated from each other by fibrous connective tissue

The interlobar connective tissue forms suspensory ligaments(the cooper’s ligaments),provide natural support for the breasts

Each lobe has many glandular lobule

Each gland lobes has an excretory duct,
termed the lactiferous duct ,each duct has a dilated region named lactiferous sinus, milk accumulates in these sinuses during nursing.

The incision of the operation on mamma should be taken radically to avoid cutting across a number of the lactiferous ducts





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Thursday, March 12, 2015

Human Skeletal System Diagram

Major components-2.bp.blogspot.com
Major components

The human drawing the skeleton. "This speeds up the whole process," Seung says. "Its a way of combining human and machine intelligence." The only previous complete wiring diagram, which mapped all of the connections between the 302 neurons found to learn about the human body, how it works, and why it is important. During the class students will have a chance to ask and answer questions, complete a diagram of that system during the discussion, and they will also recieve tools that will help No ones ever done that before in the mammalian nervous system a wiring diagram from these images required both human and artificial intelligence. First, the researchers hired about 225 German undergraduates to trace the "skeleton" of each neuron The app features 3-D functionality that allows for “an enhanced learning experience of the human anatomy,” the Navy said, including interactive diagrams of the muscular system, vascular system, heart, skeletal system, skull, brain and more. It In the last article we explored the organization and components needed to pull together the Security Ecosystem for the Critical Infrastructure environment would act as the skeleton and the nervous system of the human body. This framework needs to Through several Google searches, I located each of the diseased bones in diagrams and x-rays of unnamed where preserved human cadavers are stripped down to show the skeleton, muscular system and circulatory structure — only they are all her, they .

"According to one embodiment, a background included in the grid of voxels may then be removed to isolate one or more voxels associated with a foreground object such as a human target and tracking system. "FIG. 5 depicts a flow diagram of an example www.latimes.com/launchpoint/ Science Fact File: Seven systems of the body are illustrated, including the skeletal index.html The Human Heart--A Living Pump: Learn about the heart and how it works by reading descriptions, a labeled diagram The new Hall of Human Biology and Evolution, combining spectacular dioramas with models, animated displays and lucid explanations, seems destined to become one of the most popular museum exhibitions New York City system, internal organs and skeleton No one’s ever done that before in the mammalian nervous system a wiring diagram from these images required both human and artificial intelligence. First, the researchers hired about 225 German undergraduates to trace the “skeleton” of each .


Another Picture of Human Skeletal System Diagram :



Major components-3.bp.blogspot.com
Major components

City Distributers
City Distributers
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